What does spatial data represent in GIS?

In Geographic Information Systems (GIS), spatial data refers to information that identifies the geographic location and characteristics of features. This type of data is essential in mapping and analyzing the relationships between different geographic entities. It can represent a wide range of features, including physical objects such as rivers, roads, and buildings, as well as abstract data like demographic information linked to specific locations.

Spatial data is fundamental because it provides the context needed to understand how different features interact with each other in space. For example, knowing the location of a hospital (spatial data) allows for analysis of its accessibility to surrounding neighborhoods, showing not just where it is but also aiding in planning resources and services.

In contrast, other types of data specified in the choices, such as statistical data, raster images, or textual data without geographic components, do not encapsulate the essence of spatial data, as they either lack a geographic context or represent only a subset of the broader category of spatial data. This makes the correct understanding of spatial data critical for effective GIS analysis and application.